Health Sciences is known since the early 1980s in Germany as a scientific subject. Both terms are used interchangeably, with a tendency to term public health is to identify. It deals with the spiritual, physical, mental and social conditions of health and disease of a society. The literal translation of 'Health Sciences''s Health Sciences. This term is used in many countries as a parent name for all involved in health disciplines and fields of research and, in addition public health and medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and nursing sciences. For example, define Haisch, Weitkunat Wildner and Health Sciences as the "science and practice of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organized community-based activities, an interdisciplinary field that deals with health and its determinants." Schwartz speaks of the "analysis, evaluation and organization of health problems in the population and its prevention or fighting with adequate, effective and economically reasonable means."
Hurrelmann and Hurrelmann Razum and speak to the manual of the health sciences in favor of using the German name. She pushes through the plural the interdisciplinary orientation and the second word element of the scientific character of this area. "We define health sciences as an ensemble of individual scientific disciplines that are focused on a common subject matter, namely the analysis of determinants and gradients of health and disease processes and the derivation of appropriate care structures and their systematic evaluation in terms of efficiency. In the center of the cognitive interest of the health sciences is in the spirit of, Public Health 'to improve the health of the population through disease prevention and health promotion. "History
Public Health can look back on 100 years of Anglo-Saxon tradition, such as at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and at Harvard University, USA. Due to the Nazi racial hygiene had the public health development in Germany experienced a major weakness).
In the development of health sciences Germany has taken a historically exceptionalism. In contrast to the comparable Western European and North American countries, the area was indeed at the same time, namely at the beginning of the 20th Tatkräftitg century, tackled, but then exploited politically and ideologically by the massive intervention of the National Socialist regime in the 1930s and 1940s. The promising approaches arisen in the 1920s research of "social hygiene" as a "science of the preservation and increase of his health" in connection with the practical application of population-based evidence to back up the "public health" were eliminated from the totalitarian Nazi regime. The leading representatives of the health science that already worked with this name, such as Gottstein, Schlossman and Teleky, were also sold as the socially hygienic working physicians, biologists, psychologists and sociologists. The actions of state organs for the production and maintenance of public health was put defying political ideology under the dictum of a man and thus discredited far beyond the early years of the Federal Republic of Germany also.
In both German states was after the Second World War, the well-functioning public health system as it had existed before the exemplary power of the National Socialists came not again be fully established.
Only in the 1980s it came to West Germany to a "rebirth" of the German tradition of the Health Sciences, which found its tangible precipitation is that the cooperation of medical and natural sciences with the humanities, social sciences and economics to analyze the public and was funded individual health over a period of about ten years of intensive political (and Hurrelmann Razum 2012). Federal and state governments in West Germany supported research networks and academic teaching programs.
At the University of Bielefeld from this was the first German "Faculty of Health Sciences / School of Public Health." Founding dean from 1993 was Klaus Hurrelmann. Also at the University of Bremen and the Berlin universities, educational and research institutes of Public Health formed with several chairs.
This development was stimulated and accelerated by a number of social movements and environmental movements, and in particular self-help groups for many years, chronically ill people who fought against the dominance of a purely physical-medical thinking and the importance of psychological and social network for the monitoring of incurable diseases translated.
With regard to the disciplinary development is divided into old public health (also: Public Health I) and New Public Health. In the center of old public health is on the prevention and care of vulnerable groups. The scientific basis afford the medicine with theoretical medicine, clinical training in medicine, hygiene, social medicine and epidemiology, such as the social sciences with the health sociology and psychology. The focus of new public health since about 1980, the entire health policy. Is supplemented old public health through health systems research (see Schwartz, 1998) and health services research in the prevention, health promotion, Kurationi / therapy, rehabilitation and maintenance interlock systematically. Biomedical and social scientific methods complement each other. A crown, the reference disciplines of economics to health economics, the political science of health policy and management sciences have been added to the quality management.Subject disciplines and
The health science is theoretical, empirical and application-oriented applied. Based on the definition of health by the World Health Organization, the health sciences dealing with the spiritual, physical, mental and social conditions of health and disease as their systemic link. In this respect, it is argued that the conceptual approaches of Public Health, the micro, meso and macro levels of society concern (see Hurrelmann 2010 Man, 1996). Looking at the multi-level viewing not only the person in the foreground, but the health status of individuals and population groups or the society and corresponding perturbations is on the person: the Hannover Medical School defined in this overarching view their public health program with population Medicine and Health , the largest German plant in Bielefeld, with developed bachelor's, master's, doctoral and continuing education program, social determinants of health and disease are set with population-based care services in conjunction.
When asked about the best health care of a population, it integrates interdisciplinary, epidemiology, medicine, economics, psychology, political science, social policy, law, sociology and statistics. The spectrum of human scientific disciplines, which describe the health sciences curriculum are:
Epidemiology of health coverage, environmental medicine, geography and ecology
Health system / health services research, health policy and health economics with quality assurance and management in healthcare
Social sciences to health sociology, medical sociology and gerontology
Care research in philosophy, nursing science, rehabilitation and sports
Psychosocial work and care, psychotherapy, psychosomatic
Supply crises, emergencies and major incidents
Internationally, the health sciences and public health have grown in importance, such as the World report on violence and health is. With a view to the practical implementation of health management gets more weight.Recent DevelopmentsMethods
As part of the empirical research, the health sciences related to a wide range of approaches from epidemiology with descriptive and analytic epidemiology, empirical social research with quantitative and qualitative research methods, descriptive and closing statistics, including univariate and multivariate regression analysis and health economic analyzes of the costs benefit analysis, cost-utility analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis.Research
The research interest is the identification of risk factors (genetic, clinical, social), the identification of health-promoting factors (salutogenesis) and the analysis and evaluation of health care structures (prevention, cure, rehabilitation, nursing). The major medical health sociological factors are gender, age and socio-economic status as well as the chance.
The objects of study range from the clinical research, evidence-based medicine (EBM), Evidence-based nursing (EBN) on Health Technology Assessment (HTA) to the economic evaluation. Other topics include:
Prevention, cure, rehabilitation, nursing
Medical statistics, clinical trial, survey, surveillance, QALY, DALY, four-field table,
Classification systems, ICD-10, OPS, DRG, disease management
Care Kit, guidelines, risk adjustment,
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), medical savings accounts, health insurance
New Public Management, e-health
Public Health Genomics
Public health programs
Have become known health programs at national and international level. These programs were poking through the World Health Organization, Regional Office of the WHO and national health authorities. It comes to issues with incidence of epidemic such as AIDS, diabetes, depression, heart attack, tuberculosis, suicide or conflictual on smoking. Germany is in charge of the Public Health Service of the Federal Government through the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin to the health department of a municipality (see Niehoff, Brown, 2003).Public Health Studies
The health sciences are an independent discipline, but they are also taught in medical schools as part of the new licensing regulations. Public Health has links such as Public Health Service, for medical sociology, to social medicine to preventive medicine, to medical law, health economics, health management and psychosocial care.
Apart from the Hannover Medical School with faculty population Medicine and Health (Public Health) Germany there are far different colleges that offer health science programs (eg, Bielefeld, Berlin, Dresden, Hamburg and Munich). Since 1994, three programs were developed (at bachelor, master and doctor level) in Germany so far only on the independent Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Bielefeld, which are built on an international model consecutively. Another three courses are located in the area of education and training and focus on the areas of "Epidemiology" (MSE), "Health Administration" (MHA) and "Workplace Health Management" (MWHM). Other universities in Germany it is so far not succeeded despite many efforts to build the institutional structures in order to establish a department of the internationally widespread pattern of a "School of Public Health" as in Bielefeld.
The following internationally recognized academic degrees can be acquired:
Bachelor of Public Health
Bachelor of Health Communication
Master of Public Health
Master of European Public Health
Certificate of Applied Health Sciences (FAG)
Dr.PH, Dr.sc.hum.
Habilitation
For 25 years there at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands, a Faculty of Health Sciences, which cooperates with the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Bielefeld in the international student exchange. In addition to a bachelor degree program with seven specializations (movement science, policy and management in health care, health prevention and education or work and health), the University offers nine master's programs focus on the public health. Particularly attractive for international students is the Bachelor's degree in European Public Health. Here the relations between the European Member States in the field of health will become the focus. The topics range from Border Crossing care, cross-border infectious disease through the emergency management to the implementation of European legislation in the Member States. Since 2007, the University for Health Sciences, Medical computer science and technology Tyrol bachelor's, master's and doctoral programs in public health.
In the meantime, it is taught at the base of a large number of colleges Public Health, as in Berlin, Emden or Fulda. The Berlin precursor was a pilot project under the direction of Dieter Kleiber: training "professionals for mental health care", implemented jointly by FU and ASH (then FHSS) Berlin.
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